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Definition of electric vehicle: a pure electric vehicle is a vehicle that is completely powered by rechargeable batteries (such as the lead-acid battery, nickel-cadmium battery, nickel-hydrogen battery, or lithium-ion battery) and uses an electric motor as the driving system.

Its power system is mainly composed of power battery and drive motor, which can obtain power from the power grid or replace the battery.

The earliest history of electric vehicles can be traced back to the late 19th century. At the international electrical exhibition held in Paris from August to November 1881, the electric tricycle developed by Gustav Truff, a Frenchman, was displayed. It is the first electric vehicle in the world. It uses multiple lead-acid rechargeable batteries and DC motors, which can be operated practically. The birth of this vehicle is of epoch-making significance.

In 1882, British William Edward Arden and John Perry also cooperated to develop an electric tricycle with a speed of 4.4km/h. The efforts of the three pioneers led to the birth of electric vehicles before the advent of fuel vehicles. Since then, electric vehicles have risen rapidly in Europe and the United States.

Structure of pure electric vehicle

The traditional internal combustion engine automobile is mainly composed of engine, chassis, body and electrical equipment. Compared with traditional vehicles, pure electric vehicles have eliminated the engine and changed the transmission mechanism. According to different driving modes, some components have been simplified or cancelled, and new mechanisms such as power supply system and driving motor have been added. Due to the change of the above system functions, the pure electric vehicle is composed of four new parts: electric drive control system, chassis, body and auxiliary system.

Typical electric vehicle composition

The structure of pure electric vehicle mainly includes power supply system, drive motor system, vehicle controller and auxiliary system. The power battery outputs electric energy, drives the motor through the motor controller to generate power, and then transmits the power to the driving wheels through the deceleration mechanism to drive the electric vehicle. Generally speaking, if the electric vehicle is regarded as a large system, the system is mainly composed of electric drive subsystem, power supply subsystem and auxiliary subsystem.

The signal from the accelerator pedal is input to the electronic controller and the torque or speed output by the motor is adjusted by controlling the power converter. The torque output by the motor drives the wheels to rotate through the automobile transmission system. The charger charges the battery through the charging interface of the car. When the vehicle is running, the battery supplies power to the motor through the power converter. When electric braking is applied to the electric vehicle, the driving motor operates in the power generation state, feeding back part of the kinetic energy of the vehicle to the battery for charging, and extending the driving range of the electric vehicle.

1. power supply system

The power supply system (Figure 4) mainly includes power battery, battery management system, on-board charger and auxiliary power source. The power battery is the power source of the electric vehicle and the storage device that can be placed. At present, pure electric vehicles are mainly lithium-ion batteries (including lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary lithium-ion batteries, etc.). The battery management system monitors the service condition of the power battery in real time, detects the terminal voltage, internal resistance, temperature, electrolyte concentration of the battery, residual electric star of the battery, discharge time, discharge current or discharge depth of the power battery, and regulates the temperature according to the requirements of the power battery for the ambient temperature, so as to avoid overcharge and over discharge of the power battery through current limiting control, Display and alarm relevant parameters, the signal flows to the auxiliary system, and displays relevant information on the combination instrument, so that the driver can master the vehicle information at any time. The on-board charger converts the power supply system of the power grid to the system required for charging the power battery, that is, the AC (220V or 380V)

Direct current converted to corresponding voltage (240-410v). The charging current shall be controlled as required (generally 10 or 16A for household charging). The auxiliary power source is generally a 12V or 24V DC low-voltage power supply, which mainly provides energy for power steering, braking force regulation and control, lighting, air conditioning, electric windows and other auxiliary power devices.

1. drive motor system

The electric drive subsystem (hereinafter referred to as the drive system, is the core of electric vehicles and the biggest difference from internal combustion engine vehicles. Generally, the drive system consists of electronic controller, power converter, drive motor, mechanical transmission device and wheel. The function of the drive system is to efficiently convert the electric energy stored in the battery into the kinetic energy of the wheels to drive the vehicle, and to realize regenerative braking when the vehicle decelerates and brakes or goes downhill.

The function of the driving motor is to convert the electric energy of the power supply into mechanical energy, and drive or directly drive the wheels through the transmission device. DC series motor was widely used in early electric vehicles. This motor has "soft" mechanical characteristics and is very suitable for the driving characteristics of vehicles. However, DC motor is gradually replaced by DC brushless motor (BCDM), switched reluctance motor (SRM) and AC asynchronous motor with the development of motor technology and motor control technology due to its disadvantages such as commutation spark, small specific power, low efficiency and large maintenance room.

1. vehicle controller

The vehicle controller is the control center of the motor system.

It processes all the input signals and sends the information about the running status of the motor control system to the vehicle controller. According to the signals of the accelerator pedal and brake pedal input by the driver, send corresponding control commands to the motor controller to start, accelerate, decelerate and brake the motor. When the pure electric vehicle decelerates and slides downhill, the vehicle controller cooperates with the battery management system of the power supply system to generate power feedback, so as to reverse charge the power battery. The vehicle controller also controls the charging and discharging process of the power battery. The speed, power, voltage, current and other information related to vehicle driving conditions are transmitted to the on-board information display system for corresponding digital or analog display.

The motor controller contains a functional diagnostic circuit. When the diagnosis is abnormal, it will activate an error code and send it to the vehicle controller. The motor control system uses the following sensors to provide motor operation information.

Current sensor: used to detect the actual current of the motor (including bus current and three-phase AC current); Voltage sensor: used to detect the actual voltage supplied to the motor controller (including high-voltage battery voltage and battery voltage); Temperature sensor: used to detect the operating temperature of motor control system (including module temperature and motor controller temperature).

1. auxiliary system

The auxiliary system includes on-board information display system, power steering system, navigation system, air conditioning, lighting and defrosting devices, wipers and radios. These auxiliary devices can be used to improve the handling of the vehicle and the comfort of members.

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